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-Krishna Raj P M

EFFICIENT MASS TRANSPORTATION-ticket counter system

Here only one compartment is shown to highlight the colours that are used.
Ticket counter systemThe ticket counter employed is electronic and software supported. The software is designed in such a way when the pass swiped or ticket tat is brought only allows the passenger to get in. When bus stops in a stop. The entry and exit of the vehicle is very specific. The back door is used for exiting of the passengers. When the exit door opens the sensors near the exit get activated. The driver can see if any passenger allegedly enters the vehicle. Then the driver closes the exit and opens the entry door for the passengers. The passengers use the electronic device right next to entry door. They swipe the respective ticket or pass and enter. If any passenger allegedly enters the driver will take action.

CO2 EXTORAGE

This is how the final working model will look like.

CO2 EXTORAGE

 This was our initial design.

co2 extorage

ROLE OF EVERY MEMBER IN A TEAM:-

The topic that we had chosen was climate, so everyone was assigned to find a related project under the above mentioned topic. As Shuaib told us that we can do something regarding the Global warming. Then Arun and Manish was assigned to collect all information related to Global warming and Green house effect. Then Akash thought of designing a device that can measure the percentage of CO2 in the region where it is kept. But many team members opposed this and then Sanjay suggested to design a device which can be installed near the exhaust valve of automobiles which can purify and convert the harmful gases into less harmful gases, even this didn’2t get the majority vote so even this proposal was left out. Then Bharath came with an idea of extracting CO2 directly from atmosphere itself. Then the topic was finalised as to design a device which can extract and store CO2 . Then search for a suitable process began. Then we came up with three solutions. Sanjay came with an idea of extracting CO2 from amine. Akash came up with a process of extracting it from a porous membrane and Bharath with an idea of extracting from NaOH. After evaluating the feasibility and other factors of the 3 process in the team meeting and we found that by using EVAD concept selection process, using Amine was more economical and feasible. So we stick to that process. Then we started writing PDS, and distributed the work among the team members. Sanjay was assigned to write performance, Akash was asked to write manufacturing, Bharath was assigned to write operational, Manish to write Safety and Shuaib to write acceptance. Akash and Sanjay took up the task of preparing the design drawings. Manish and shuaib wrote ergonomics and aesthetics.

ERGONOMICS:-

1} Easy to use.

2} Once air is blown the process takes place smoothly without any leakage.

3} Active material AMINE can be recycled for more than 5000 times.

4}Device is portable.

5} Cooling water is circulated to cool the fluid.



AESTHETICS:-

1} Temperature measuring device, display the temperature of the working fluid.

2} Model is compact.

CO2 EXTORAGE

Solution 1:-

Size of CO2 molecule is found to be 393 angstrom. If a membrane is prepared or produced synthetically whose porous size is around 395 angstrom such that when air is allowed to pass through it, it should block all other components of air other than CO2. Or else it must be produced in such a way that it should block CO2 and allow all other components of air.



SOLUTION 2:-

(Amine-H2CO3) formed when heated to a temperature of 70 deg Celsius it gives Amine, water and carbon-di-oxide.
(Amine-H2CO3) heat Amine + H2O +CO2 ↑
This is how carbon-di-oxide can be extracted from the atmospheric air.
. The active material or the working substance used is AMINE along with water. Amine reacts with water to form (Amine-H2O).
Amine + Water  (Amine-H2O)
When air is blown through this solution, all other components of except CO2 bubbles out and only CO2 reacts to give (Amine –H2CO3 ).
CO2 + (Amine-H2O)  (Amine-H2CO3)


SOLUTION 3:-

The process involves pumping air from the atmosphere through a chamber containing sodium hydroxide, which reacts with the CO2 to form sodium carbonate. This carbon-containing solution is then mixed with lime to precipitate powdered calcium carbonate – a naturally occurring form of which is limestone. Finally, the "limestone" is heated to release pure CO2 for storage.

EVAD CONCEPT SELECTION

                              

   CRITERIA                                                  CONCEPTS

	STANDARD	NaOH	AMINE	MEMBRANE
EFFICIENCY	++  =  HIGH + = MODERATE - = LOW	+	++	++
MANUFACTURING COST	++ = LOW + = MODERATE -- = HIGH	++	+	--
RELIABLITY	--= POOR ++ = EXCELLENT	--	++	++
MAINTAINANCE COST	- = HIGH ++ = LOW	-	++	++
AVAILABILITY OF ACTIVE MATERIAL	++ = MORE + = LESS -- = NOT EXISTED	++	+	--
TOLTAL MARKS	----------------	14	18	14

++ = 4.

+ = 3.

- = 2.

-- = 1.

Using EVAD concept selection we found that AMINE process is best suited for the extraction of CO₂.

AKASH NIDHI P S 1mso9isoo8
SANJAY V 1MSO9ISO84
BHARATH KUMAR P 1MSO9ISO25
ARUN V S 1MS09ISO19
MANISH KUMARA
MOHAMMED SHUAIB

CO2 EXTORAGE

TEAM MEETINGS:

08-03-2010 (4.30pm TO 5.00pm) Library
Discussion regarding the selection of a topic and finally selecting it.

12-03-2010 (4.00pm T0 5.00pm) Library
Gathering information from all the team members about the topic.

15-03-2010 (4.30pm To 4.45pm) CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
Met Prof.D N Rao, and discussed about the selected topic.


18-03-2010 (4.30pm TO 5.00pm) lib
Brainstorming session – Ideas from all team members were viewed, and the best possible and feasible idea (CO-2 Extorage) was chosen.

22-03-2010 (4.30pm To 5.00pm) lib
Distribution of work related to PDS among all the team members.

25-03-2010 (12.30pm) Lib
Submission of PDS .

29-3-2010 (4.30pm To 5.00pm) lib
Initial design was prepared .




2-04-2010 (3.30pm TO 4.00pm) lib
Modifications and improvements were made to the initial design.

06-04-2010 (4.30pm TO 5.00pm)
Final design, that was suitable and met all the requirements was completed.


AKASH NIDHI P S 1mso9isoo8
SANJAY V 1MSO9ISO84
BHARATH KUMAR P 1MSO9ISO25
ARUN V S 1MS09ISO19
MANISH KUMARA
MOHAMMED SHUAIB

MEETING DETAILS

Meeting 1: 2nd March, 2010 1630-1800 hours Old canteen
8 of us met and tried to decide on the project topic. 5 people voted for new age buildings and 3 for alternative fuels. Due to the majority NEW AGE BUILDINGS was decided as our project topic.
Meeting 2: 3rd March, 2010 1630-1730 hours Old canteen
Objectives about the whole project was decided
Meeting 3: 10th March, 2010 1630-1830 hours Old canteen
Concepts were proposed by Anshumali, Rajyavardhan and Prakyath. Discussions were held on the designs.
Meeting 4: 16th March, 2010 1630-1845 hours Old canteen
Concept proposed jointly by Ankit and Rohan. Discussions on the concepts continued in these meetings too.
Meeting 5:23rd March, 2010 1630-1930 hours Old canteen and LHC
Criteria priority done using BINARY MATRIX method. Concept selected using EVAD.
Meeting 6: 24th March, 2010 1430-1830 hours Old canteen
Discussed about PDS. Prepared a sketchy one. Went into the finer details and prepared a detail report
Meeting 7: 6th April, 2010 1630-1800 hours Old canteen
Discussed about the detailed design.
Meeting 8:22nd April, 2010 1630-1730 hours Old canteen
Tasks assigned to every member.
Meeting 9: 24th April, 2010 1200-1300 hours
2 members went and met Mr. Jagadeesh Kumar, assistant professor, Department of Civil engineering, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru and got his opinions on our project.

DETAILED DESIGN PROCESS

FAILURE ANALYSIS:
There are few possibilities for the failure of the structure due to buckling of the members and block shear. Buckling can be avoided by using thicker members inspite of going for thinner members. In case the structure fails, the connections are so arranged that the whole structure falls in vertical direction without harming neighboring buildings. Firefighting and emergency exits are provided as decided by the Artificial intelligence system at the time of emergency.
QUALITY STANDARDS:
Quality and life of the building are entirely depending upon the type and quality of the materials used during the construction. In order to use the life of the structure better quality members are used and the respective jobs are assigned to skilled labors. Quality analysis and project duration is done by SIX SIGMA and OPERATIONAL REASEARCH (critical path method). Project planning, scheduling and controlling is done suitably to complete the structure with most suitable manner. For the better safety of the steel members and channels IS 800 codal provision has to be satisfied for all conditions
SAFETY MEASURES:
In order to make the structure safer, electromagnetic stoppers are incorporated to prevent the lateral movements and vibrations due to minute earthquakes. To avoid the corrosion of the steel material painting or polishing of the members must be carried. It is ensured that the foundation materials are incompressive in nature in order to transfer live and dead loads which is acting on the structures. Alternate paths and advanced fire fighting systems are installed for the better safety purpose. High quality glass panels are used which are safe and non breakable in nature.
RELIABILITY:
Since the probability of failure is less than c3/c7 which is less than 0.03, the structure is more reliable from a future point of view. The best use of minimum land area is also possible in urban countries. The excess material during the construction can be recycled to make the structure more reliable. The material which is used are more durable and stable so that the constructed structure is more reliable in nature.

SIMULATION

The components of the structures can be simulated with the help of suitable softwares like ARA, FEMA and MAX3.
The 2D plans and 3D elevations can also be done with the help of advanced AUTO CAED-3D and all type of computer aided drawings.
Better efficiency can be obtained by precisely assembling the joints of the pyramidal shape with the help of solid edge assembling techniques and mismatching during the construction is avoided. Orientation of the structure is simulated in such a way that the structure can be utilized more efficiently in all seasons of the year. It is easy to simulate rupture strength, prying action, block shear and also tensile stress with the help of suitable programs. As per the codal provision, the structural design aspects are satisfied

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

The loads acting on the particular member can be analyzed separately by drawing free body diagrams. Rotations at the joints, bending and deflection for different members are obtained with the help of sheer force and building moment diagram. Since the structure follows mathematical pyramidal shape, deflections due to concentrated loads are less. We can assure that structure is capable of holding all kind of loads like uniformly distributed loads (UDL), uniformly varying loads, half UDLs and all kind of inclined loads respectively.

CONCEPT SELECTION BY EVAD

CRITERIA PRIORITY CHART by binary matrix method

EMBODIMENT PRINCIPLES

ERGONOMICS:

It is a structure which is built against vibration so that lateral fluctuation of the structure can be avoided. Since the synthesis of materials can be used the structure has got better stability, less in compressive nature while compared to the ordinary structures. Compared to the present concrete structures of same size, less amount of raw materials are used to construct an eco-friendly structure. As per the bylaws and codal provisions, 20% of the floor area should be given as openings. Since the available area for ventilation is more, better kind of ventilation systems is adopted and also best use of sunlight is possible during daytime.

AESTHETICS:

Structure is more unique with architectural appearance which is more suitable for the conditions existing in the future. Foundation is totally different rather than commonly used shallow and deep foundations which are constructed using combination of high strength carbon steel and rubber rollers. The foundation is capable of resisting earthquake vibrations, also makes the structure more stable against lateral movements. The pyramidal shape of the structure has a high historical significance. The shape is also thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun. When looked at from a distance it’s a treat to the eyes.

TECHNICAL ASPECTS:

The spheres and the tension members can be manufactured at the shop and arrangement of joints and connections is done at the site in an easy way. Prescribed quality tests on the members are conducted at the site before assembling the members in proper manner. As far as possible mismatching of members are avoided in this particular case. Suitable precautions must be taken against high speed winds during the constructions. The only possibility for the failure of the structure is due to buckling effect. With the help of suitable technical aspects this can be avoided and maximum service load and ultimate load capacity of the structure is calculated. The joints of the structures are more stable, non-slip and are capable of transferring load with greater eccentricity and large bending moments.

Alternative fuels - Project planning and control

Project Planning and Control

1. The project started with the formation of the group and topic chosen was alternative fuels.
2. Our aim was to devise a fuel which is eco friendly.
3. Shivaani Bharadwaj came up with an idea to use wind energy since it is eco friendly and the idea has not been used at a small scale. Bharath bhandarkar gave us different ways of producing wind energy.
4. The concept diagrams were done by Shivaani Bharadwaj.
5. But this idea was put down for the fact that the entire model of the vehicle had to undergo a tremendous change if wind energy turbines were used.
6. Deepa Prasad and Bharath Bhadanarkar also gave us an idea of using dry ice as a fuel but again this idea had to be put down due to similar reasons.
7. Next, Aditya Yajaman came up with an idea of using carbon monoxide as a fuel. This interested all of us since carbon monoxide was a pollutant in the atmosphere.
8. We consulted Prof. D.N.Rao from the department of chemistry, Msrit and finally concluded that carbon monoxide can be used as a combustible fuel.
9. Carbon monoxide would produce carbon dioxide, which is again a pollutant. Deepa Prasad came up with an idea of using carbon dioxide produced in the exhaust to reproduce the carbon monoxide used.
10. Naveen. S found a suitable method of producing carbon monoxide on a large scale by the seperation of carbon monoxide from the other gases found in the atmosphere.
11. Rakesh Sharma found a suitable method of reproducing carbon monoxide from carbon dioxide using methane and also the use of composite material for the secondary chamber.
12. Aditya Yajaman along with Shivaani Bharadwaj consulted Hemavathi.S from the department of mechanical engineering, Msrit to devise a suitable engine for this combustion.
13. Finally Adarsh.K.P designed a effective fuel system keeping in mind the above conditions with the help of Aditya Yajaman and Rakesh Sharma.
14. Scheme drawings were done by Adarsh.K.P.
15. GANTT chart was prepared by Shivaani Bharadwaj and the reliability graph was prepared by Bharath Bhandarkar and Shivaani Bharadwaj.

In the graph, the X axis is the time in weeks, and the Y axis indicates the activities.

This was a collective effort by :

Adarsh Kashyap 1MS09IS005

Aditya Yajaman 1MS09IS006

Bharath Bhandarkar 1MS09IS024

Deepashree V Prasad 1MS09IS032

Naveen S. 1MS09IS060

Rakesh Sharma 1MS09IS075

Shivaani Bharadwaj 1MS09IS090

Alternative Fuels - Modelling and Detail Design

Modelling

Carbon Monoxide is put into the fuel tank to be used as fuel. It is taken into the combustion chamber along with air through the inlet valve while keeping the outlet valve closed. Once the mixture enters into the cylinder, both the valves are closed. Now, the piston moves upwards, compressing the mixture and increasing their temperature and pressure. Now, the spark plug ignites the mixture and energy in released through combustion. This energy pushes the piston downwards and mechanical energy is produced. This energy is stored in the flywheel. During this process, carbon monoxide is oxidized to carbon dioxide which is thrown out through the exhaust valve when the piston moves upwards again. This carbon dioxide is sent to the carbon monoxide producing chamber where methane is pumped in and carbon monoxide is produced. The water produced is absorbed by the chamber which is made of a special composite material which absorbs water and can be replaced from time to time. The hydrogen is separated on the way and the carbon monoxide is sent back to the internal combustion engine and the entire cycle is repeated. The methane cylinder is replaced from time to time to ensure continuous running. A methane level indicator is used to detect the level of methane in the cylinder.

Detailed design

Quality:

1.There is no lead and phosphorus content.

2.The octane number is more than 85.

3.There is no sulphur content.

4.No poisonous gases are released, instead water is obtained as a by-product.

5. The fuel is clear and bright and visibly free of suspended or precipitated contaminants.

6. The secondary chamber is made of a composite material which will absorb water produced along with CO, therby reducing the amount of water recahing the combustion chamber. Thus the effiency of the fuel system is increased.

Risk Factors:

1.As the fuel is used in the gaseous form, there will be chances of the storage cylinders leaking or exploding. Thus to overcome this, we have incorporated the addition of Ethyl Mercaptan to indicate this leakage.

2.There might be chances of leakage in the supply pipes and the fuel might get ignited.

3.As the same fuel is being reused again and again, there might be chances of the fuel getting poisoned which could reduce efficiency and cause problems to the combustion system.

4.The physical damage to the vehicle by an accident might cause the cylinders to explode.

5.As there is a compulsion of keeping the entire fuel system in airtight conditions, if one part of the system is compromised, then the entire system will be compromised.

Reliability:

1.Here the fuel system is in existence,so the fuel system should be maintained for proper efficiency and working.

2.The maintanence is of utmost importance here because the fuel system involves gas cylinders and giving importance to the factors such as economy and performance all which are linked to reliability.

3.The early failure rate period is decreased to an extent by testing the fuel system in th factory,this is done to prevent early system breakdowns which are serious in nature considering the safety of the customer.

4.The failure rate in the constant failure rate period can be minimised by servicing the fuel system every six months,this is done to replace the CO tank, clean the pipes,Replace the methane supply,Clean the combustion chamber etc,.

5.If the customer fails to give the system for maintanence then the failure rate increases

6.The fuel system is given a lifetime of about 15 years before the machinery begins to wear down

Adarsh Kashyap 1MS09IS005

Aditya Yajaman 1MS09IS006

Bharath Bhandarkar 1MS09IS024

Deepashree V Prasad 1MS09IS032

Naveen S. 1MS09IS060

Rakesh Sharma 1MS09IS075

Shivaani Bharadwaj 1MS09IS090

Alternative Fuels - Concept Selection and Embodiment

CONCEPT SELECTION

EMBODIMENT

Technicality:

Production of CO:

The process has two packed towers, an absorber and a stripper. A copper containing solvent is circulated through the absorber where it comes in contact with the gaseous mixture. The copper cation in the solvent complexes the CO and absorbs it into the solvent. The other gases are left untouched. The CO rich solvent flows from the bottom of the absorber to a heat exchanger where it gives a large fraction of dissolved CO to the gas phase. In the stripper a boiling aromatic compound dries the CO quantitatively out of the solvent.

Production of Ni/SiO2 catalyst:

Ni[II]nitrate hexahydrate, powdered Silica and SiO2 is impregnated with an aqueous solution of Ni(NO3)2.6H2O followed by drying at 100 degrees celcius for 24 hours and subsequent calcination is performed at 800 degrees celcius for 2 hours in air.

Combustion:

CO is injected into the fuel tank. This CO is combusted in the combustion engine and produces CO2 as the final product.

CO + 1/2O2 = CO

Heating Value: 340 BTU/SCF

CO2 is sent through a chamber and Methane is pumped into it in the presence of Ni/SiO2 catalyst. CO2 and Methane react to give CO, H2 and H2O.

2CO2 + CH4 = 3CO + H2O + H2

Now, all three gases are sent into the combustion chamber. Here CO combusts to give CO2 and H2 combusts to give H20. The products are sent into the exhaust valve and the process is repeated again.

Advantages:

Relative Energy Density of CO is 1.25 times Methane. CO contains no water in its combustion products and hence, its gross and net heats of combustion are the same while Methane uses only 90% of its gross heat of combustion.

CO has a higher octane number than Methane.

CO delivers 25% more horse power than Methane.

Ergonomics:

1.The fuel system should be compact enough that it does not increase the size of the vehicle too much and hence handling is easier.

2.Neither the reactants nor the products should corrode the fuel system.

3.Ethyl mercaptan is used to detect leakage of fuel.

Aesthetics:

1. The fuel system is compact so that the size of the car is not altered, thereby giving the model a satisfying appearance.

2. There should be no leakage, which form stains on the engine and the adjoining areas spoiling the aesthetics of the system.

EFFICIENT MASS TRANSPORTATION

REPORT

QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Identification of all the standards regarding the components and determining how to satisfy them.Application of all the planned measures to satisfy system quality and ensuring that the project meets all requirements.Iteration of all the processes to identify and eliminate ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory performance.

Six SIGMA

OBJECTIVES

• To increase the profits
• Removing defects/
• Providing consistency of products or services and reducing variation

The product is qualified to get SIX sigma seal depending on the rating given for usability, error free, cost effective etc.

USABILITY

We need to meet the benchmark of quality standards that are existing and should improvise more by adding new features. In our project these are newly added features

· Ramp for handicapped

· Providing A/c

· Usable holders.

· Comfortable seating and providing of extend able roof while raining or snow fall or other extreme weather conditions helps passengers to enter comfortably.

· Movable chair for driver etc

· Placing of small dust bins at fron and back end to make environment friendly.

· Placing of simple ticketing system even though its electronic system.

· Installing Tv in buses for lon distances for entertainment of people.

COST EFFECTIVE

This must consider cost benefits, less rework, higher productivity, lowr costs and increase satisfaction. The entire process costs around 3-4lakhs. To maintain this estimation cost measures have been taken.

ERROR FREE

The product should be 99% error free to be implemented. To achieve this the following measures have been taken

• When bus crashes down driver is equipped to repair it or if he fails an immediately alternative vehicle is sent from nearby depot.
• When engine fails, the solar cells are activated so that A/c is on. The passengers are made comfortable.
• Placing of fans if A/c fails. Having spare wheels if any puncture happens.
• Medical kits for emergencies. A course for the driver to attend basic emergencies during journey. 1^st aid training is compulsorily given.
• Installing of Bluetooth services so that during emergencies the nearest depot is informed and attended.

FMEA ( failure models effects analysis)

For mechanical components

Product Function	Potential Failure Mode	Potential effects of failure	Potential causes of failure	Current controls	O	S	D	RPN
Separator connection between 2 compartment	Connecting rods	compartments lose balance and crashes	Screws connecting get loose	Tightening of screws periodically
	Separator Button fails	Compartments do not get separated	Minor defects during manufacture	Frequent checks of functioning
	Separator gets jammed	Passengers are not safe during mishap	Accidents	Lubrication
Brake-to bring the vehicle to a halt	Brake wire is cut	Accidents are caused	External conditions like heat etc	Periodic checking
	Brakes are Jammed	Accidents	Improper maintenance	Lubrication

For exterior components

Steering-controls direction ofmovement	Swerving of jammed	Swerving of vehicle causing	Over-usage	Lubrication
Ticketing machine	Battery dies down	Delay in issue of ticket	Excessive heat and over usage	Replacing the battery periodically
	Machine stops working	Ticket cannot be issued	Electronic fault occurence	Periodic checking
Door-entry and exit	Doors get jammed	Passengers are stranded	Failure of button	Periodic checking and lubrication
Tyres-movement Of vehicle	Tyres get punctured	Vehicle stops	Abrasions onthe surface ofthe road	Regularchecking of air
	Burn-out of Tyres	Vehicle skids to a halt	Excessive friction	Spare tyres

where RPN means Risk priority number

O means occurrence of failure

S severity of failure

D detectability of failure

The above table hasn't been rated because practically it hasn't been tested.