Efficient Mass Transportation

REPORT

DETAIL DESIGN PROCESS

RELIABILITY

During the early failure period, within hours of commencement of operation, it is quite likely that failures will occur due to various imperfections acquired during the manufacturing process, due to design faults or misuse. Gradually, these early failures will occur less frequently. This period is often covered by the manufacturers’ guarantee and ISO mark. ex: manufacturing fault in engine, rods, connector which causes affects failure rate.

The constant failure rate period is usually relatively long and the failure rate is normally approximately constant. During this period, it is usual for failures to occur at a relatively low rate but from a wide variety of causes. ex: wear and tear of wheel and increase in friction due to use of parts.

The beginning of the wear-out period corresponds to the end of the useful working life. All products wear out and this occurs because of a variety of time-dependant mechanisms. ex: puncturing of tyres, engine fails to run.

Reliability is time-dependant and is defined as a probability of failure.

• It is unlikely to be for essential for every component to function correctly in order to ensure system success.

• Ideally every component has to be checked or tested to know its maximum load. But as this isnt possible manufacturer guarantee regarding product is considered.

• Critical components can be duplicated so that if failure occurs, there is a spare to take over-this is called Redundancy ex: placing 2 connectors.

Reliability can be increased by placing an alternative in series. When mishap happens 1 machine is lost it doesn't affect the working of other parts of the vehicle.

Factor of Safety

1. Load type and force analysis

The BRAIN is designed to carry a load of 100-150 passengers. Anything exceeding the specified number might affect certain aspects like decrease in the speed, excess fuel consumption, wearing out of tyres and discomfort caused to passengers, but on the whole, does not affect the functioning of the bus and safety in any way.

2. Stress analysis of critical sections

The vehicle is designed to handle a great amount of stress which enables the proper functioning of the separator.

3. Analysis of possible modes of component failure

Any technical snag in the engine may cause a break-down of the vehicle. Due to the usage of the tyres for a longer period, friction produced is high which eventually causes the tyres to burn out or puncture. Due to the excessive heat, the wires connecting the brakes may cut causing brake failure. During the case of emergencies, there is a possibility of failure of operation of the separator button thus causing a hindrance to people.

Cohesion means should how independent is the machine in taking the input and processing it. The fuel is taken from the tank and used in engine. The emitted gas is sent through exhaust pipe.

Coupling indicates the strength of link between the components. For input for the vehicle dependency on filling gas stations. But coupling is reduced by placing tankers that can hold compressed gas for long distances.

Ideally maximum cohesion and minimum coupling should be achieved. We have strived to achieve this in our vehicle.

EFFICIENT MASS TRANSPORTATION

REPORT (MODELLING)

Prototype modeling

We have selected this type of modeling because our project comes under hardware. The initial investment is high considering other products. In this prototype model we get to know the risks and limits about the components.

Advantage of the model is failure rate can be reduced to minimum, increasing the scope of improvement, risk can be fore casted, redesigning is easy and less time consuming. There are lots of concepts in our vehicle that are implemented for the 1st time which have existed only in theory and have been mathematically proved, to ensure their successful implementation we need prototype model. We can strive to get perfect model before commencing with implementation of the model.

Object copier

OBJECT COPIER OPERATION

The object copier consists of two parts.

1. Assimilation pod

2. Assembly line / Industrial process.

ASSIMILATION POD

It is a cylindrical shell which vary in size based on the object to be copied. It is mainly composed of 4 components.

a. Hull cap: it houses the magnetic field generator and the laser capture plate. The top portion of this is connected to the power source. The outer portion is made up of carbon steel, the connection circuit for the power source are made up of carbon wires and it is given lead coating.

b. Hull floor: It creates an electromagnetic force field to ensure no high energy radiation escape the pod. This is totally made up of lead material.

c. Object stand: It holds the object to be copied in place. It must be made up of a highly inert metal such as platinum to avoid interaction with the laser array.

d. Laser array: It consists of 4 separate bent laser generators consisting of 3 to 4 pores each held together by an electrical or magnetic current. Since they are not connected by a solid they can expand to copy larger objects. He Ne source is used for the laser.

ASSEMBLY LINE

It resembles an automobile assembly system. It consists of a BASE COLLECTOR and STANDING LASER ARRAY… These are connected to a top surface. The base collector is made up of HSLA steel and working of the standing laser array is similar to the working of the laser in the assimilation pod.

The assembly line also consists of WORKPIECE ASSEMBLER consisting of two movable arms made up of HSLA steel.

Then it consists of a unit where welding and molding of the object is done if required.

There is a CONVEYER BELT on which the object moves. If there is any defect in the created object it is sent back through this belt for recycling.

WORKING

The laser in the assimilation pod is generated by a He Ne source and enhanced by quartz crystals. Laser will have shorter wavelength to ensure higher penetration ( UV- IR).

The object to be copied is placed on the object stand. Now the information regarding the material of the object, its size, composition pattern, its density, hollowness, mass and volume, appearance (colour) etc… are to be collected. For this.. the working is as given below.

After the object is placed (manually) on the object stand, the four laser arrays moved down from the Hull cap and align in the plane of the object. Now the power is supplied from the power source and the laser array is activated and hence it generates laser light. The four bent laser generators emits laser radiations which is incident on the object.

The four pores present on each laser array helps in scanning the 3 dimensional image of the object. Out of the 4 pores present two are the emitter pores which emits the laser energy and the other two are absorber pores which collects the incident radiation and it transfers these radiation to the laser capture plate from which the information is transferred to the computer. The laser is focused and scanned across a photoactive selenium coated drum where it produces a charge pattern which mirrors the information of the object to be copied. The pod is connected to a main frame computer which records the details of the object in the atomic level. Different software’s are used and thus a 3 d model of the object placed can be obtained in the computer.

The main frame is connected to an automated assembly line with all necessary raw materials to create copies of the original object.

The base collector places the basic material required for the creation of the object on the conveyer belt. The materials collected are first collected from the storage area in large space which is present below the belt. Here the materials are to be stored and refilled from time to time manually. The base material thus collected then passes to the workpiece assembler where all the other materials are provided and the arms provided does all the required bending, shaping, designing of the material.

If any welding or molding is required it is sent to the next unit where these process are done with the help of a gas welder.

The created object is then sent to standing laser array which is similar to that of the pod which will match the atomic signatures of the objects.

If there are any defects in the object it is again sent back to storage unit for recycling through the conveyer belt. If the obtained object is perfect it is collected from the other end of the conveyer belt.

Hence the object is replicated!!!

EMBODIMENT

· Good and efficient lead coating to be given so there is no leakage of laser radiations.

· The Assembly line (mainly in the base collector and to the arms in the workpiece assembler) should be lubricated once in a month for smooth running.

· Raw materials should be refilled from time to time manually. This can be done by using pulleys or by self carrying of loads.

· Use spectroscopic grade premixed He Ne gas with a 7:1 to 10:1 ratio (partial pressure/molar).

· This object copier machine has low maintenance but high initial cost.

· Information passed onto the Assembly line should be correct for this proper and efficient software like

• Far field technology provides advanced techniques for modeling scattered 2D and 3D data.
• Image ware surfacer allows you to manipulate point clouds and convert them into useful objects such as points, lines, planes
• Metris provides data preparation, registration, comparison, and reporting software for dimensional inspection.
• Okino polytrans does a great job of converting 3D models between formats.
• Paraform surface reconstruction software
• PRISM 3D software software for managing, sharing, and extracting information from as-built laser scan point clouds.
• UZR 3D Professional creates a 3D model from a series of object images.

· No wastage is there, since the materials that are not proper or unused are recycled.

· Pollution free.

· If there is any leakage of laser radiation, it can be detected by as a small bulb glows (red in colour) if any kind of damage occurs.

· The physical appearance of the machine is not given much importance as this is generally not manufactured to sell to many people… but the object which is replicated is sold.

We also researched on several formulae that is applied to this project.

1.If the density of the object is more the laser fails to penetrate through the object and is reflected back.. So as the density of the object increases the wavelength increases. This is proved by the following formula…

Energy (E) = mass* c*c {Einsteins energy mass equation}

Energy = h* u {Bohr’s dual nature}

C= velocity of light.

h = Plank’s constant.

Density = mass / volume

Using these formulas it can be proved that;

Density = h / (c* wavelength * volume)

Hence density is inversely proportional to wavelength. So if the object to be created is of higher density lower wavelength is to be used by laser source.

3. If the mass of the object increases then the speed of the belt on which the object moves decreases, so in order to maintain the speed energy has to be increased.

Subsequently the formula for this can be derived... and that is as shown below;

Density= ( h * velocity)/( distance *c *c)

Report on the overall development of the project!

1. During the second week of March we formed a team consisting of 8 members for the ENGINEERING DESIGN project. Initially we chose space travel as our topic… but later due to some relevant reasons it was changed over to OBJECT COPIER. All of us were really interested and eager to develop a machine for the same.

2. During the next week, the design of the project was decided upon. Here the main concepts used for the development was discussed upon. We chose to invent a machine that would replicate any given object ( considerable dimensions). For this we contacted seniors of MSRIT (M.Sc) who gave an idea for further development.

3. During the fourth week of March, Project design specifications for the project were made. These discussion were spread over a period of 2 days, in the first meeting overall PDS was prepared and in the second meeting many relevant information was further added and many correction were made.

4.During the first week of April, the concepts diagrams and the whole Machine were made…and the same was scanned and posted in the blog.

5. During the second week of April no much progress of the project was made due to internals.

6. In this week the detail working, construction, embodiment etc… for overall development of the project was made. Some corrections required in the PDS were also made.

Group members:

1.Aparna C.R- 1MS09IS028

2. Nancy goel- 1MS09IS059

3. Likitha.L-1MS09IS044

4. Meghana-1MS09IS051

5. Shilpa N.C-1MS09IS089

6. Prerna

7. Priyanka-1MS09IS072

8. pankuri-

EFFICIENT MASS TRANSPORTATION

REPORT (Technical aspects)

SEPARATOR ROD:

Two rods are fixed from the front portion of the vehicle which goes upto back portion of the vehicle . Completely extended along the body of the vehicle. These rods are flexible like aerial of a radio. i.e. it can be pushed back and front when necessary. These rods are attached to separators. When an accident occurs these aerial kind of rods are pushed in. As these rods are in contact with the separators, when they are pushed-in due to pressure, the separators get detached automatically. Hence the two compartments get separated. But these compartments after separation may go crash somewhere and therefore wheel lockers are used. The separator rod itself acts as the wheel locker. Hence the passengers will be safe.

SEAT BELTS:

Seat belts are provided for all the seats. As wheel lockers are used the compartments suddenly stops after separation and hence there will be a sudden jerk. Hence seat belts are necessary and should be made compulsory.

EMERGENCY BUTTON:

During emergency in both the compartment like medical emergency, mechanical failure etc ahppens, there is an emergency button which on pressing alarm goes on. The emergency can be attended immediately and resolved.

EFFICIENT MASS TRANSPORTATION

REPORT ON ONLINE MEETINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

Date	Time	Report
3-3-2010	11.30pm-12.30 am	Report1- The main reason as to why we chose the topic of efficient mass transportation.
8-3-2010	7.30pm-8.30pm	Report 2- The disadvantages of the existing mass transport mass transport.
15-3-2010	7.00pm-8.30pm	Report 3- The type of engine and fuel used (HICE).
15-3-2010	10.00-11.00pm	Discussion about PDS (performance requirements).
16-3-2010	12.00pm-1.30pm	Discussion about the PDS (performance requirements).
16-3-2010	7.30pm-9.00pm	Discussion about PDS (performance requirements).
20-3-2010	11.00pm-1.00am	Discussion about PDS (operational and manufacturing requirements).
21-3-2010	6.00-10.00pm	Discussion about PDS (functional requirements).
25-3-2010	10.00-11.00pm	Discussion about PDS (an overall review).
29-3-2010	9.00-11.00pm	Report 4- The various concepts generated, the reason for the team to choose the final concept.
06-4-2010	11.00pm-12.00am	Report 5- Embodiment principles.
19-4-2010	10pm-12am	Discussion about other tasks like sketching out the task distribution table, pet and gantt charts and so on.

N. Shashwathi

1MS09IS057

EFFECIENT MASS TRANSPORTATION

Group meetings and Discussion

1. 1st March, 2010- 4. 30 p.m.

We formed a group consisting of the seven mentioned members and tried to decide on the topic. 3 members researched on alternate fuels,2 on mass transport and 2 on space research. As we were not able to get much information and ideas regarding alternate fuels and space research,we combined it and finalized on Mass Transport.


2. 8th March,2010- 4. 30 p.m.

Based on our meetings with Dr. D.N. Rao-Prof.-Dept. of Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, and Dr. Ravikumar-Dept. of Solid State Chemistry-IISC, we decided to go ahead with improvising the existing mass transport system and making it more efficient. Creative ideas pooled and one of the ideas was BRAIN!!


3. 15th March,2010- 4. 30 p.m.

We started our work on PDS. The distribution of work was based on the skills and abilities of the team members. We also consulted one of our parents regarding the materials used in the construction process. Complete information gathering on all the topics of PDS.


4. 22nd March,2010- 4. 30 p.m.

The skeleton of the body of the PDS was completed. Since the whole process is iterative in nature,the concepts,materials used etc were revised and the PDS was further improvised. The fuel was changed from electricity and magnetism to hydrogen fuels so the PDS process was repeated.


5. 29th March,2010 -4. 30 p.m.

We submitted the PDS and started with our work on the sketches which were submitted the following weekend. Sketches work given to skilled artists and no computer work done as the member was staying on hostel and wasn't much comfortable with computer scale diagram software.


6. 5th April,2010- 4. 30 p.m.

We held a brainstorming session and the pros and cons of the collective thoughts were analyzed. Using the different methods like criteria ranking, DAYTUM and EVAD methods,the concept of using hydrogen as fuel and roadways as the means of transport was finalized.


7. 19th April,2010- 4. 30 p.m.

We had a discussion about the Detailed Design Process-Ergonomics, Aesthetics and the Technical aspects. Scale drawings were discussed. The scale modelling was discussed. Discussing about report on meetings and group discussion.

Generally all the meetings held in front of the class. The meeting duration is about half an hour. Proof like pictures are present. The above information provided about all meetings are true to extent of our knowledge.

N.Shashwathi

1MS09IS57

EFFICIENT MASS TRANSPORTATION

REPORT-6 ( DETAILS ABOUT CONCEPT SELECTION)

SELECTION OF THE TOPIC:

Primarily the idea of choosing the topic ‘Alternate Fuels’ was suggested by [NS] and agreed by all the other members. As the other group had chosen this topic and submitted paper work regarding the project we droppped it.

An idea about doing a project on ‘Space Research’ and 'mass transportation' was proposed by [SMM] and [RR] respectively. After realising that both the topics didn't work well with the team, thought collectively about efficient mass transportation. Team members couldnt connect themselves with space travel but as many of the members use bus for travelling they encountered with problems easily and came up with solution.

A good number of ideas were pooled in and we finally decided on efficient mass transportation as our topic.

TYPES OF TRANSPORT:

The idea of using bus as our mass transport was proposed by [AK]. As bus is already existing solution, it won’t be of any help and therefore the idea was opposed by the [SK] and [NS]. So the improvisations were made in bus like implementing movable seats for driver by [PB], air-conditioners by [SMM], putting engine at the back by [NS] and ramp for wheel chairs by [SK].

[NS] surfed the net about a high class school bus with all the facilities which ultimately inspired our model. Apart from this, ideas used in train was also incorporated in our mass transport like having two compartments, separators, emergency breaks and separate doors for each compartment and the idea of adopting ideas from train was given by [SMM].

With The combination of ideas from bus and train we named our mass transport as ‘BRAIN’.

KIND OF FUEL USED:

The idea of using electromagnetism to run the vehicle was given by [PB] ( referring to an article in a kannada magazine).

The idea is that conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy. The idea was when the passengers walk on the floor of the bus with a special kind of instrument on them it converts energy and stores in the form of electrical energy. This was the source of energy for the vehicle.

But this idea was opposed by [AK] and [SMM] as it is practically inconvenient for passengers to wear the instrument everytime they travel and hence this idea was not implemented. Existing fuels like petrol, diesel, natural gas ideas suggested by [AK], [SK] and [RR] respectively but the idea was opposed by [NS] because the cost would rise up drastically keeping in mind about our needs in our mass transport.

Later we came up with an idea of using hydrogen as fuel after consulting our chemistry professor Dr.D.N.RAO and IISC prof which was convincing for all the team members as it had more positive points over other fuels therefore was used as fuel in our mass transport.

Team members

[NS]- N.Shashwathi

[AK]- Archana kulkarni

[SMM]-Sheetal monica murthy

[SV]- Sandhya.V

[RR]- Reshma.R

[Sk]- Sangeetha.K.J

[PB]- Padmashree Bhat

N.Shashwathi

1MS09IS57