Engineering Design
Topic: GREEN COMPUTING
Team members:
Name
USN
Arun Karthik .M 1MS09IS018
Abhishek.S.Bhat 1MS09IS003
Abhishek.P 1MS09IS002
Pawan.R.Naik 1MS09IS066
Dheeraj.R 1MS09IS033
Manjunath.M.K 1MS09IS048
Chetan.Jadagoud 1MS09IS031
CONTENTS:
Sl.no
Topic
Page no.
1) Information about the problem
2) Role played by the team members
3) Details of team meeting
4) Objective
5) Possible solutions
6) Product design specification
7) Initial design
8) Mathematical modeling and simulation
9) Final design
10) Reliability
INFORMATION ABOUT THE PROBLEM
Up to 8 million computers are sold in Britain every year, along with 1.8 million Wi-Fi terminals in past 18 months. Research shows that computers generate an estimated 35 million tons of gas each year-the equivalent of 1million typical flights to and from United Kingdom. It is estimated that globally the IT companies accounts for around 2% of carbon-dioxide emissions, much the same as aviation. It takes around 1.8 tons of chemicals, fossil fuels and water to produce a computer and its operation generates 0.1 tons of carbon-dioxide in a typical year.
They last an average for 3 years and once junked, most are buried in landfill. The soil where they are buried is polluted with Cadmium and Mercury. Many PC’s are sent to dumps in China and Africa. 100000 old PC’s arrive in Nigerian city of Lagos each month from Europe and America.
ROLE PLAYED BY THE TEAM MEMBERS
Ideas
Team members
Solar computing
Arun.Karthik.M
Abhishek.S.Bhat
Abhishek.P
Carbon free computing
Chetan.Jadagaud
Lead-free computing
Pawan.R.Naik
Manjunath.M.K
Energy efficient computing
Dheeraj.R
DETAILS OF TEAM MEETINGS
DATE DISCUSSIONS
04/03/10 Selection of topic given by the sir
09/03/10 Collecting relevant ideas for the product
17/03/10 Rejecting carbon free computing topic
21/03/10 Selection of topic and writing PDS for that
27/03/10 Submitting concept diagram and further discussion for the project
07/04/10 Discussion about mathematical modelling and formal design
20/04/10 Distribution of written report covering the entire range of activity done in the project
OBJECTIVES
Reduce power consumption.
Increase reliability.
Make it eco-friendly by reducing carbon-dioxide emission.
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Solar computing
Lead-free-computing
LEAD FREE COMPUTING
In traditional manufacturing process, lead is used in the bump that attaches Silicon core to the inside of the package and to facilitate integration on the mother board through tiny balls on the underside. Instead of lead bump solders consisting of Tin, Silver and Copper can be used.
SOLAR COMPUTING
Solar computing is a bold and exciting step for bringing the digital device and helping to provide more responsibility.
Solar power, in the form of Photo Voltaic modules, offers enormous promise as clean, renewable energy resource with a wide spectrum of applicability, and has already been proven, in numerous deployments around the world.
The arrangement consists of two 175W photovoltaic panels, an alluminium frame, wiring, charge controller, an inventor and two deep-cycle batteries. Deep-cycle batteries are preferred, since they allow for frequent partial charges.
WORKING
The complete solar system provides the power for three via power saving PC’s featuring the via PC 1500 platform, complete with 40GB HDD, DVD ROMs, 15 inch LCD monitor, plus a via PC-1 server powered by the via PC 2500 platform with 120GB HDD.
…
CONTENTS:
Introduction
Scope
Product Design Specification
FOREWORD
All the man made machines require some or the external source to start with. More and more use of computers has caused dramatic increase in energy consumption and more electricity is needed as computers run mainly on them and ultimately the energy is increasing. Therefore using renewable resources like solar energy and LED’s instead of electricity and LCD’s can be substituted and can be efficiently and ultimately saving electricity.
SCOPE
The source of power to the computer is electricity, therefore substituting the source of power by solar energy using solar cells and LCD’s can be substituted by LED’s.
INTRODUCTION
To design an alternative source of energy for computers.
To design that source of energy in such a way that it should be eco-friendly.
To design an alternative display system for the computer monitors.
DEFINITIONS
Performance Requirements
The solar cells must be eco-friendly.
It must be clean, non-polluting energy.
They must be silent in operation.
They must be self-sufficient must not require refueling.
They must be at least a warranty of ten years.
The efficient should be better than that of electricity.
The display manner should be clear and perfect and should not cause any strain to eyes.
MANUFACTURING REQUIREMENTS
The computing systems will be setup with solar panels or a plate which consists of solar cells.
They are made up of mono crystalline silicon wafers.
All the settings should be very accurate and must take less than twenty minutes.
The mechanism and the complete product must be manufactured and finished using the limited raw materials.
ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS
According to the restriction of hazardous, waste and electrical and electronic equipment that ensures the smooth transmission and development of the product.
The solar computing instruments should be free provided with non-explodable cells.
The cost of the cells should be more than 300-400/-(rupees).
The voltage produced by these cells should not be more than 4V.
The output of these solar cells is separately achieved by connected wires through the other end of the cells and care is taken not to mix wires.
Inspection is done before the assembly is done.
The LED’s should be assembled to their X, Y axes.
4. DISPOSAL
The solar cells and the LED’s should not be disposed off in the open environment rather they should be recycled and can be used efficiently.
5. OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Placing the solar cells must be according to the direction of Sun.
The wires of all the cells should be connected to an external circuit which neutralizes and also prevents short circuiting.
There should not be any internal shocks.
The dimensions of the LED’s should be exactly known.
…
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND SIMULATION
Photovoltaic cells can generate electricity onsite where it is needed, avoiding transport losses and contributing to carbon-dioxide emission reduction in urban areas. Knowledge of the characteristic of photovoltaic panel is pre-requisite for designing and dimensioning a photovoltaic power supply. This is the reason for the development of photovoltaic panel models useful for electrical measurement applications. This approach allows the development of new high performance conversion systems.
Photovoltaic devices (solar panels, inverter and loads) should be placed in controlled condition environment to test the performance of whole system. It is possible to develop simulations based on the models of the photovoltaic panel. After the module has been estimated in given experimental conditions, it can be used to predict the photovoltaic panel operation under the different working conditions (i.e., surface temperature, irradiance, and weather conditions).
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
A crystalline solar cell is, in principle, a large area silicon diode. In the dark stage, the IV characteristics curve of this diode corresponds to the normal P-N junction of the diode and it produces neither a voltage nor a current illumination of the photovoltaic cells creates free charge carriers, which allow the current to flow through a connected load. The so called photocurrent is proportional to irradiance.
The simplest equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic cell is a current source whose intensity is proportional to the incident radiation, in parallel with the diode and shunt resistance R . This resistance represents the leakage current to the ground. The internal losses due to current flow and the connection between the cells are modeled as a small series of resistance Rs.
The IV characteristics is designed by equation 1which shows the net current I of the cell as a function of external voltage V; n is well known ideality factor of the junction and its value ranges from 1 to 2.
I=I_L- 〖 I〗_0 [e^((q(V+R_s.I))/nkT)- 1]-(V+R_s I)/R_sh ……………(1)
The temperature dependence of the photocurrent, the knowledge of open circuit voltage and of saturation current is mandatory to complete the model.
I_L (T)=I_L (T_ref)+α(T-T_ref)………………..(2)
I_L (T_ref )=I_sc (T_ref ) G/G_ref …………………….(3)
I_0 (T_ref )=(I_sc (T_ref))/(e^((q.V_oc (T_ref))/(nkT_ref ))-1)…………………………..(4)
V_oc (T)=V_oc (T_ref )+β(T-T_ref)…………………..(5)
Where G is irradiation, K is Boltzmann’s constant, q the electric charge,α the temperature co-efficient of the current and β the temperature co-efficient of voltage. The subscript ref identifies the Standard Test Conditions (STC) , in particular Tref = 250 C and Gref =1000w/m2 Isc (Tref ) is the short circuit current and Voc is the open circuit voltage.
To complete the model, the values of Rsh and Rs should be known. The Rs value has a marked effect on IV characteristics near the open circuit condition, while Rsh acts on the voltage of the Maximum Power Point (MPP) Rso and Rsho are the initial estimation of these parameters.
R_so=-[├ dV/dI┤|+1/X_V ]……………………..(6)
X_V=I_0 (T).q/nkT e^((qV_(oc(T)))/nkt)……………………….(7)
R_sho=(V_MP+R_SO.I_MP)/(I_MP-I_L+I_0 [e^((q(V_MP+R_SO I_MP))/nkT-1) ] )……………………(8)
In order to validate mathematical model, a simple volt ammeter method can be used to collect real data as shown.
Parameter Symbol Value
Maximum Power (MP) Pm 10W
Voltage at MP Vmp 17V
Current at MP Imp 0.6A
Open circuit voltage Voc 21.6V
Short circuit current Isc 0.67A
Nominal voltage Vn 12V
dV/dI)Voc - -0.5750
IV CHARECTERISTICS
PV CHARECTERISTICS
The above figures shows the comparison between the measured IV and PV characteristics and the values predicted by the model in 2 cases: the resistance are estimated as Rso and Rsho ; the resistance are estimated by means of best fit.
FINAL DESIGN
RELIABILITY OF SOLAR COMPUTING
Solar computing uses solar panels that are created for capturing the energy provided by the Sun and transform it in to power we can use. All this comes for free. The only thing that has to be paid is the solar panel and its installation process.
Since solar energy is available most of the time and when it is not available, a battery which is used to store energy is highly reliable. In solar panels, if any one cell is not in working condition, the power output is not greatly affected and the damaged cell can be replaced easily. Since the reliability of components used is high, the reliability of complete system is also high.
Monday, May 3, 2010
Monday, April 26, 2010
Sunday, April 25, 2010
EFFICIENT MASS TRANSPORTATION-ticket counter system
Here only one compartment is shown to highlight the colours that are used.Ticket counter systemThe ticket counter employed is electronic and software supported. The software is designed in such a way when the pass swiped or ticket tat is brought only allows the passenger to get in. When bus stops in a stop. The entry and exit of the vehicle is very specific. The back door is used for exiting of the passengers. When the exit door opens the sensors near the exit get activated. The driver can see if any passenger allegedly enters the vehicle. Then the driver closes the exit and opens the entry door for the passengers. The passengers use the electronic device right next to entry door. They swipe the respective ticket or pass and enter. If any passenger allegedly enters the driver will take action.
co2 extorage
ROLE OF EVERY MEMBER IN A TEAM:-
The topic that we had chosen was climate, so everyone was assigned to find a related project under the above mentioned topic. As Shuaib told us that we can do something regarding the Global warming. Then Arun and Manish was assigned to collect all information related to Global warming and Green house effect. Then Akash thought of designing a device that can measure the percentage of CO2 in the region where it is kept. But many team members opposed this and then Sanjay suggested to design a device which can be installed near the exhaust valve of automobiles which can purify and convert the harmful gases into less harmful gases, even this didn’2t get the majority vote so even this proposal was left out. Then Bharath came with an idea of extracting CO2 directly from atmosphere itself. Then the topic was finalised as to design a device which can extract and store CO2 . Then search for a suitable process began. Then we came up with three solutions. Sanjay came with an idea of extracting CO2 from amine. Akash came up with a process of extracting it from a porous membrane and Bharath with an idea of extracting from NaOH. After evaluating the feasibility and other factors of the 3 process in the team meeting and we found that by using EVAD concept selection process, using Amine was more economical and feasible. So we stick to that process. Then we started writing PDS, and distributed the work among the team members. Sanjay was assigned to write performance, Akash was asked to write manufacturing, Bharath was assigned to write operational, Manish to write Safety and Shuaib to write acceptance. Akash and Sanjay took up the task of preparing the design drawings. Manish and shuaib wrote ergonomics and aesthetics.
ERGONOMICS:-
1} Easy to use.
2} Once air is blown the process takes place smoothly without any leakage.
3} Active material AMINE can be recycled for more than 5000 times.
4}Device is portable.
5} Cooling water is circulated to cool the fluid.
AESTHETICS:-
1} Temperature measuring device, display the temperature of the working fluid.
2} Model is compact.
The topic that we had chosen was climate, so everyone was assigned to find a related project under the above mentioned topic. As Shuaib told us that we can do something regarding the Global warming. Then Arun and Manish was assigned to collect all information related to Global warming and Green house effect. Then Akash thought of designing a device that can measure the percentage of CO2 in the region where it is kept. But many team members opposed this and then Sanjay suggested to design a device which can be installed near the exhaust valve of automobiles which can purify and convert the harmful gases into less harmful gases, even this didn’2t get the majority vote so even this proposal was left out. Then Bharath came with an idea of extracting CO2 directly from atmosphere itself. Then the topic was finalised as to design a device which can extract and store CO2 . Then search for a suitable process began. Then we came up with three solutions. Sanjay came with an idea of extracting CO2 from amine. Akash came up with a process of extracting it from a porous membrane and Bharath with an idea of extracting from NaOH. After evaluating the feasibility and other factors of the 3 process in the team meeting and we found that by using EVAD concept selection process, using Amine was more economical and feasible. So we stick to that process. Then we started writing PDS, and distributed the work among the team members. Sanjay was assigned to write performance, Akash was asked to write manufacturing, Bharath was assigned to write operational, Manish to write Safety and Shuaib to write acceptance. Akash and Sanjay took up the task of preparing the design drawings. Manish and shuaib wrote ergonomics and aesthetics.
ERGONOMICS:-
1} Easy to use.
2} Once air is blown the process takes place smoothly without any leakage.
3} Active material AMINE can be recycled for more than 5000 times.
4}Device is portable.
5} Cooling water is circulated to cool the fluid.
AESTHETICS:-
1} Temperature measuring device, display the temperature of the working fluid.
2} Model is compact.
CO2 EXTORAGE
Solution 1:-
Size of CO2 molecule is found to be 393 angstrom. If a membrane is prepared or produced synthetically whose porous size is around 395 angstrom such that when air is allowed to pass through it, it should block all other components of air other than CO2. Or else it must be produced in such a way that it should block CO2 and allow all other components of air.
SOLUTION 2:-
(Amine-H2CO3) formed when heated to a temperature of 70 deg Celsius it gives Amine, water and carbon-di-oxide.
(Amine-H2CO3) heat Amine + H2O +CO2 ↑
This is how carbon-di-oxide can be extracted from the atmospheric air.
. The active material or the working substance used is AMINE along with water. Amine reacts with water to form (Amine-H2O).
Amine + Water (Amine-H2O)
When air is blown through this solution, all other components of except CO2 bubbles out and only CO2 reacts to give (Amine –H2CO3 ).
CO2 + (Amine-H2O) (Amine-H2CO3)
SOLUTION 3:-
The process involves pumping air from the atmosphere through a chamber containing sodium hydroxide, which reacts with the CO2 to form sodium carbonate. This carbon-containing solution is then mixed with lime to precipitate powdered calcium carbonate – a naturally occurring form of which is limestone. Finally, the "limestone" is heated to release pure CO2 for storage.
AKASH NIDHI P S 1mso9isoo8
SANJAY V 1MSO9ISO84
BHARATH KUMAR P 1MSO9ISO25
ARUN V S 1MS09ISO19
MANISH KUMARA
MOHAMMED SHUAIB
Size of CO2 molecule is found to be 393 angstrom. If a membrane is prepared or produced synthetically whose porous size is around 395 angstrom such that when air is allowed to pass through it, it should block all other components of air other than CO2. Or else it must be produced in such a way that it should block CO2 and allow all other components of air.
SOLUTION 2:-
(Amine-H2CO3) formed when heated to a temperature of 70 deg Celsius it gives Amine, water and carbon-di-oxide.
(Amine-H2CO3) heat Amine + H2O +CO2 ↑
This is how carbon-di-oxide can be extracted from the atmospheric air.
. The active material or the working substance used is AMINE along with water. Amine reacts with water to form (Amine-H2O).
Amine + Water (Amine-H2O)
When air is blown through this solution, all other components of except CO2 bubbles out and only CO2 reacts to give (Amine –H2CO3 ).
CO2 + (Amine-H2O) (Amine-H2CO3)
SOLUTION 3:-
The process involves pumping air from the atmosphere through a chamber containing sodium hydroxide, which reacts with the CO2 to form sodium carbonate. This carbon-containing solution is then mixed with lime to precipitate powdered calcium carbonate – a naturally occurring form of which is limestone. Finally, the "limestone" is heated to release pure CO2 for storage.
EVAD CONCEPT SELECTION
CRITERIA CONCEPTS
STANDARD | NaOH | AMINE | MEMBRANE | |
EFFICIENCY | ++ = HIGH + = MODERATE - = LOW | + | ++ | ++ |
MANUFACTURING COST | ++ = LOW + = MODERATE -- = HIGH | ++ | + | -- |
RELIABLITY | --= POOR ++ = EXCELLENT | -- | ++ | ++ |
MAINTAINANCE COST | - = HIGH ++ = LOW | - | ++ | ++ |
AVAILABILITY OF ACTIVE MATERIAL | ++ = MORE + = LESS -- = NOT EXISTED | ++ | + | -- |
TOLTAL MARKS | ---------------- | 14 | 18 | 14 |
++ = 4.
+ = 3.
- = 2.
-- = 1.
Using EVAD concept selection we found that AMINE process is best suited for the extraction of CO2.
AKASH NIDHI P S 1mso9isoo8
SANJAY V 1MSO9ISO84
BHARATH KUMAR P 1MSO9ISO25
ARUN V S 1MS09ISO19
MANISH KUMARA
MOHAMMED SHUAIB
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